Operas around the World

Opera is a form of musical and dramatic work in which singers convey the drama.
Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition.
An opera performance incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery and costumes and sometimes incorporates dance.

The performance is usually given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.

Dafne (1597) by Jacopo Peri is commonly regarded as the first opera, but the first great composer of the new art form was Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), whose works are still performed today.

Opera soon spread from Venice and Rome throughout Italy and the rest of Europe: Schütz in Germany, Lully in France, and Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. However, in the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, except France, attracting foreign composers such as Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s.

The most influential figure of late 18th century opera was Mozart, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas, especially The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Cosi Fan Tutte and The Magic Flute, a landmark in the German tradition.

The first third of the 19th century saw the highpoint of the bel canto style, with Rossini, Donizetti and Bellini all creating works that are still performed today.

The mid to late 19th century is considered a golden age of opera, led by Wagner in Germany and Verdi in Italy. The golden age continued through the verismo era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Puccini and Strauss in the early 20th century.

At the same time, new operatic traditions emerged in Central and Eastern Europe, particularly in Russia and Bohemia.
The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as atonality and serialism (Schoenberg and Berg), Neo-Classicism (Stravinsky), and Minimalism (Philip Glass and John Adams).

With the rise of recording technology, singers such as Enrico Caruso became known to audiences beyond the circle of opera fans.

Africa

Cairo Opera House

Egypt

Cairo Opera House, Cairo

Said Darwish Theatre, Alexandria

Damanhur Theatre, Damanhur

Eritrea

Asmara Opera House, Asmara

South Africa

Artscape Opera House (Cape Town Opera Company), Cape Town

State Theatre, Pretoria

Johannesburg Civic Theatre

Americas

Argentina

Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires

Brazil

Teatro Amazonas, Manaus

Teatro Arthur Azevedo, São Luís

Teatro da Paz, Belém

Teatro José de Alencar, Fortaleza

Teatro Santa Isabel, Recife

Teatro Municipal, Rio de Janeiro

Teatro Municipal, São Paulo

Teatro São Pedro, Porto Alegre

Canada

Salle Wilfrid-Pelletier, a theatre of the Place des Arts, (Montréal Opera), Montréal, Quebec

Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts (Canadian Opera Company), Toronto, Ontario

Southam Hall, National Arts Centre, (Opera Lyra Ottawa), Ottawa, Ontario

Queen Elizabeth Theatre, (Vancouver Opera), Vancouver, British Columbia

Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium, (Edmonton Opera), Edmonton, Alberta

Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium, (Calgary Opera), Calgary, Alberta

Chile

Teatro Municipal, Santiago

Colombia

Teatro Colon, Bogota, Colombia

Teatro Jorge Isaacs, Cali, Colombia

Teatro Municipal, Cali, Colombia

Costa Rica

Teatro Nacional de Costa Rica, San José

El Salvador

Teatro Nacional de El Salvador (National Theatre of El Salvador), San Salvador

Mexico

El Palacio de Bellas Artes, (Palace of Fine Arts), Mexico City

Teatro Aguascalientes, (Aguascalientes Theatre), Aguascalientes

United States

Academy of Music (Opera Company of Philadelphia), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Bass Performance Hall (Fort Worth Opera), Fort Worth, Texas

Benedum Center (Pittsburgh Opera), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Brown Theater, Wortham Theater Center (Houston Grand Opera), Houston, Texas

California Theater, (Opera San Jose), San Jose

Central City Opera House (Central City Opera), Central City, Colorado

Civic Opera House (Lyric Opera of Chicago), Chicago, Illinois

Crosby Theatre (Santa Fe Opera), Santa Fe, New Mexico

Detroit Opera House (Michigan Opera Theater), Detroit, Michigan

Dicapo Opera Theatre (Dicapo Opera), New York, New York

Dorothy Chandler Pavilion (Los Angeles Opera), Los Angeles, California

Ellie Caulkins Opera House (Opera Colorado), Denver, Colorado

Harrison Opera House (Virginia Opera), Norfolk, Virginia

Howard Gilman Opera House, Brooklyn Academy of Music, Brooklyn, New York

Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Opera House (Washington National Opera), Washington, D.C.

Lyric Opera House (Baltimore Opera), Baltimore, Maryland

Marcus Center (Florentine Opera), Milwaukee, Wisconsin

McCaw Hall (Seattle Opera), Seattle, Washington

Metropolitan Opera House (Metropolitan Opera), New York, New York

New York State Theater (New York City Opera), New York, New York

Newberry Opera House (South Carolina Opera and Asheville Lyric Opera), Newberry, South Carolina

Sarasota Opera House (Sarasota Opera), Sarasota, Florida

War Memorial Opera House (San Francisco Opera), San Francisco, California

Segerstrom Hall (Opera Pacific), Costa Mesa, California

Winspear Opera House (Dallas Opera), Dallas, Texas, opening 2009

Ziff Ballet Opera House, Miami, Florida

Uruguay

Teatro Solís, Montevideo

Asia and Oceania

The Sydney Opera House.

Australia

Sydney Opera House, (Opera Australia), Sydney

State Theatre, The Arts Centre (also known as the Victorian Arts Centre), (Opera Australia), Melbourne

Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts Centre, Brisbane

Adelaide Festival Centre, Adelaide, South Australia

His Majesty's Theatre, Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia

Theatre Royal, Hobart, Tasmania

Canberra Theatre, Canberra

Playhouse, Darwin Entertainment Centre, Darwin, North Territory

New Zealand

St. James Theatre and Opera House, Wellington

Oamaru Opera House, Oamaru

China

China National Grand Theatre, Beijing

Century Theatre, Beijing

Poly Theatre, Beijing

People's Liberation Army Opera House, Beijing

Shanghai Grand Theatre, Shanghai

Oriental Opera Hall at the Shanghai Oriental Art Center, Shanghai

Hangzhou Grand Theatre, Hangzhou

Harbin Opera Theatre, Harbin

India

Royal Opera House (Mumbai) -- defunct

Israel

Tel Aviv Opera House at the Performing Arts Centre, Tel Aviv

Japan

Bunkamura Orchard Hall, Tokyo

NHK Hall, Tokyo

New National Theatre, Tokyo (NNTT), Tokyo

Tokyo Bunka Kaikan, Tokyo

Aichi Arts Centre, Nagoya

Biwako Hall, Otsu, Shiga

Kanagawa Kenmin Hall, Yokohama

Yokosuka Arts Theatre, Yokosuka

Kazakhstan

Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, Astana

Malaysia

Palace of Culture, Kuala Lumpur

Singapore

Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, Singapore

Victoria Theatre & Concert Hall, Singapore

South Korea

Seoul Arts Center Opera House, Seoul

Seongnam Arts Center Opera House, Seongnam

Daegu Opera House, Daegu

Thailand

Thailand Cultural Centre, Bangkok

Siam Opera, Siam Paragon, Bangkok

Turkey

Ankara Opera House, Ankara

Leyla Gencer Sahnesi, Ankara

Operet Sahnesi, Ankara

Atatürk Cultural Center, İstanbul

İzmir State Opera and Ballet, Elhamra Palace İzmir

Mersin State Opera and Ballet, Mersin

Antalya State Opera and Ballet, Antalya

Vietnam

Hanoi Opera House, Hanoi

Saigon Opera House, Ho Chi Minh City

Europe

Austria

Großes Festspielhaus, Salzburg

Schönbrunn Schlosstheater, Vienna

Theater an der Wien, Vienna. Historic theatre associated with Mozart's time.

Volksoper Wien (Vienna People's Opera), Vienna

Wiener Kammeroper (Vienna Chamber Opera), Vienna

Wiener Staatsoper (Vienna State Opera), Vienna

Belgium

Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie (De Munt), Brussels

Opéra royal de Wallonie, Liège

Vlaamse Opera, Antwerp

Vlaamse Opera, Ghent

Bulgaria

National Opera and Ballet Sofia, Sofia

Varna Opera Theatre, Varna

Croatia

Croatian National Theatre (HNK) in Zagreb

Hrvatsko Narodno Kazalište
(Croatian National Theatre) , Zagreb

Hrvatsko Narodno Kazalište
(Croatian National Theatre), Split

Hrvatsko Narodno Kazalište
(Croatian National Theatre), Rijeka

Hrvatsko Narodno Kazalište
(Croatian National Theatre), Osijek

Hrvatsko Narodno Kazalište
(Croatian National Theatre), Varazdin

Czech Republic

Národní Divadlo (National Theatre), Prague

Státní opera Praha (Prague State Opera), Prague

Stavovské divadlo (Estates Theatre), Prague

Denmark

Operaen (The Copenhagen Opera House), Copenhagen

Det Kongelige Teater (Royal Danish Theatre), Copenhagen

England

Buxton Opera House, (Buxton Festival and International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival), Buxton

Coliseum Theatre (English National Opera), London

Glyndebourne (Glyndebourne Festival Opera), East Sussex

Grand Theatre (Opera North), Leeds

The Lowry Centre (Opera North), Manchester

Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London

Sadler's Wells Theatre, London

Estonia

Estonian National Opera (Estonian National Opera), Tallinn

Finland

Kansallisooppera (Finnish National Opera), Helsinki

France

Grand Théâtre, Angers

Grand Théâtre, Bordeaux

Nouvel Opéra, Lyon

Opéra Bastille, Paris

Opéra Théâtre de Besançon, Besançon

Opéra-Comique, Paris

Opéra de Lille, Lille

Opéra Théâtre de Limoges, Limoges

Opéra national de Lorraine, Nancy

Opéra de Marseille, Marseille

Opéra national du Rhin, Strasbourg

Opéra de Rennes, Rennes

Opéra de Rouen, Rouen

Opéra-théâtre de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne

Opéra-Théâtre de Metz, Metz

Opéra de Toulon, Toulon

Opéra de Tours, Tours

Opéra et Orchestre National de Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon, Montpellier

Palais Garnier, Paris

Théâtre du Capitole, Toulouse

Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris

Théâtre Graslin, Nantes

Germany

Aalto-Theater, Essen

Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe

Bayreuth Festspielhaus (Bayreuth Festival Theatre), Bayreuth

Deutsche Oper am Rhein (German Opera of the Rhine), Düsseldorf

Deutsche Oper Berlin (Berlin German Opera), Berlin

Festspielhaus Baden-Baden (Baden-Baden Festival Theatre), Baden-Baden

Oper Frankfurt (Frankfurt Opera), Frankfurt

Hamburgische Staatsoper (Hamburg State Opera), Hamburg

Komische Oper Berlin, Berlin

Markgräfliches Opernhaus, Bayreuth

Musiktheather im Revier, Gelsenkirchen

Nationaltheater, Mannheim

Nationaltheater (Bavarian State Opera), Munich

Oper Leipzig (Leipzig Opera), Leipzig

Opernhaus Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf

Opernhaus Halle, Halle

Opernhaus Kiel, Kiel

Theater Lübeck, Lübeck

Prinzregententheater, Munich

Semperoper or Sächsische Staatsoper Dresden (Saxon State Opera), Dresden

Staatsoper Hannover, Hannover

Staatsoper Unter den Linden (Berlin State Opera), Berlin

Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz, Munich

Staatstheater Kassel, Kassel

Staatstheater Stuttgart, Stuttgart

Theater Duisburg, Duisburg

Greece

Greek National Opera, Athens

Athens Concert Hall, Athens

Hungary

Budapesti Operettszínház (Budapest Operetta Theatre), Budapest

Erkel Színház (Erkel Theatre), Budapest

Magyar Állami Operaház (Hungarian State Opera House), Budapest

Ireland

Cork Opera House, Cork

Grand Opera House, Belfast

Italy

Arena di Verona, Verona

Sferisterio, Macerata

Teatro degli Arcimboldi, Milan

Teatro alla Scala, Milan (La Scala)

Teatro Argentina, Rome

Teatro Carignano, Turin

Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa

Teatro Comunale Alighieri, Ravenna

Teatro Comunale, Bologna

Teatro Comunale, Ferrara

Teatro Comunale, Florence

Teatro Comunale, Modena

Teatro della Pergola, Florence

Teatro Donizetti, Bergamo

Teatro La Fenice, Venice

Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi, Trieste

Teatro Fraschini, Pavia

Teatro Francesco Cilea, Reggio Calabria

Teatro Giuseppe Verdi, Busseto

Teatro della Gran Guardia, Livorno

Teatro Grande, Brescia

Teatro Lirico, Cagliari

Teatro Malibran, Venice

Teatro Massimo Vittorio Emanuele, Palermo

Teatro Massimo Bellini, Catania

Teatro Municipale, Piacenza

Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Rome

Teatro Politeama, Lecce

Teatro Ponchielli, Cremona

Teatro Regio di Parma, Parma

Teatro Regio Torino, Turin

Teatro Rossini, Pesaro

Teatro di San Carlo, Naples

Teatro Sociale, Como

Teatro Valli, Reggio Emilia

Latvia

Latvijas Nacionālā opera (Latvian National Opera), Riga

Lithuania

Lietuvos nacionalinis operos ir baleto teatras, Vilnius

Malta

Royal Opera House, Valletta.

Monaco

Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Monte-Carlo, Monaco

Netherlands

Muziektheater (The Netherlands Opera), Amsterdam

Norway

Den Norske Opera (Norwegian National Opera), Oslo

New National Opera House (Oslo)

Operaen i Kristiansund

Poland

Baltic State Opera House, Gdańsk

Kraków Opera House, Cracow

Opera Nova, Bydgoszcz

Silesian Opera, Bytom

Teatr Wielki, Łódź, Łódź

Teatr Wielki, Poznań, Poznań

Teatr Wielki, Warsaw (Polish National Opera), Warsaw

Warszawska Opera Kameralna, Warsaw

Wrocław Opera House, Wrocław

Portugal

Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, Lisbon

Romania

Romanian National Opera

Opera Naţională, Bucureşti

Opera Braşov

Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca

Opera Naţională Română, Iaşi

Opera Naţională Română, Timişoara

Russia

Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow

Konstantin Tachkin Ballet Theatre, Saint Petersburg

Mariinsky Theatre, Saint Petersburg

Moscow State Theatre, Moscow

Musorgsky Opera and Ballet Theatre, Saint Petersburg

Novaya Opera Theatre, Moscow

Novosibirsk opera and ballet theatre, Novosibirsk

Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, Moscow

Taganrog Theatre, Taganrog

Scotland

Festival Theatre, Edinburgh

Theatre Royal, Glasgow (Scottish Opera), Glasgow

Serbia

Srpsko narodno pozorište (Serbian National Theatre), Novi Sad

Narodno pozorište u Beogradu (National Theatre in Belgrade), Belgrade

Madlenianum, Belgrade

Slovakia

Slovak National Theatre, Bratislava

State Opera in Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica

Slovenia

Slovensko narodno gledalisce, (Slovenian National Theatre) Ljubljana

Slovensko narodno gledalisce, (Slovenian National Theatre) Maribor

Spain

Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona

Teatro Real, Madrid

Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall, Bilbao

El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía, Valencia

Palacio de la Ópera, A Coruña

Teatro Campoamor, Oviedo

Teatro de la Maestranza, Seville

Teatro de la Zarzuela, Madrid

Teatre Principal de Maó, Mahón

Sweden

Drottningholms Slottsteater (Drottningholm Palace Theatre), Drottningholm

GöteborgsOperan (Gotherburg Opera), Gothenburg

Kungliga Operan (Royal Swedish Opera), Stockholm

Folkoperan, Stockholm

Malmö Opera och Musikteater (Malmö Opera and Music Theatre), Malmö

Norrland Opera, Umeå

Switzerland

Grand Théâtre de Genève, Geneva

Opernhaus Zürich, Zurich

Theater Basel, Basel

Stadttheater Bern, Berne

Stadttheater Luzern, Lucerne

Theater Biel-Solothurn

Opéra de Lausanne, Lausanne

Ukraine

Kiev Opera, Kiev

Lviv Opera and Ballet Theater, Lviv

Odessa Opera Theater, Odessa

Dnipropetrovsk Opera, Dnipropetrovsk

Kharkiv Opera, Kharkiv

Donetsk Opera, Donetsk

Wales

Canolfan Mileniwm Cymru (Wales Millennium Centre) (Welsh National Opera), Cardiff

manufacturers from making some high-payoff results impossible. Since these high-payoffs have very low probability, a house bias can quite easily be missed unless checking the odds carefully.

Gambling variables

There are three variables common to all forms of gambling:

• How much is being wagered, the initial stake (in money or material goods).

• The predictability of the event.

- In mechanical or electronic gambling such as lotteries, slot machines and bingo, the results are random and unpredictable; no amount of skill or knowledge (assuming machinery is functioning as intended) can give an advantage in predictability to anyone.

- However, for sports events such as horse racing and soccer matches there is some predictability to the outcome; thus a person with greater knowledge and/or skill will have an advantage over others.

• The odds agreed between the two (or more) parties to the wager; where there is a house or a bookmaker, the odds are (quite legally) arranged in favor of the house.

The expected value, positive or negative, is a mathematical calculation using these three variables. The amount wagered determines the scale of an individual wager (bet); the odds and the amount wagered determine the payout if successful; the predictability determines the frequency of success.
Finally the frequency of success times the payout minus the amount wagered equals the "expected value" The skill of a gambler lies in understanding and maneuvering the three variables so that the "actual value" is positive over a series of wagers.

Types of gambling

Casino games

While almost any game can be played for money, and any game typically played for money can also be played just for fun, some games are generally offered in a casino setting.

Table games

• Blackjack
• Pai Gow Poker and Tiles
• Poker
• Spanish 21
• 3-card poker
• Baccarat (punto banco)
• Caribbean Stud Poker
• Casino war
• Craps
• Fan-Tan
• Faro
• Let it ride
• Pachinko
• Pyramid Poker
• 4-card poker
• Red Dog
• Sic Bo
• Texas Hold'em Bonus Poker
• Roulette

Electronic gaming

• Slot machine
• Video poker

Other gambling

• Sports betting
• Keno
• Bingo

Non-casino gambling games

Gambling games that take place outside of casinos include Bingo (as played in the US and UK), dead pool, lotteries, pull-tab games and scratchcards, and Mahjong.

Other non-casino gambling games include:

• Card games, such as Liar's poker, Bridge, Basset, Lansquenet, Piquet, Put, Teen patti

• Coin-tossing games such as Head and Tail, Two-up*

• Confidence tricks such as Three-card Monte or the Shell game

• Carnival Games such as The Razzle or Hanky Pank

• Dice-based games, such as Backgammon, Liar's dice, Passe-dix, Hazard, Threes, Pig, or Mexico

*Although coin tossing isn't usually played in a casino, it has been known to be an official gambling game in some Australian casinos

Fixed-odds gambling

Fixed-odds gambling and Parimutuel betting frequently occur at many types of sporting events.
In addition many bookmakers offer fixed odds on a number of non-sports related outcomes, for example the direction and extent of movement of various financial indices, the winner of television competitions such as Big Brother, election results, Interactive prediction markets also offer trading on these outcomes, with "shares" of results trading on an open market.

Parimutuel betting

One of the most widespread forms of gambling involves betting on horse or greyhound racing. Wagering may take place through parimutuel pools, or bookmakers may take bets personally.
Parimutuel wagers pay off at prices determined by support in the wagering pools, while bookmakers pay off either at the odds offered at the time of accepting the bet; or at the median odds offered by track bookmakers at the time the race started.

Other uses of the term "gambling"

Many risk-return choices are sometimes referred to colloquially as "gambling." Whether this terminology is acceptable is a matter of debate, but generally the following activities are not considered gambling:

• Emotional or physical risk-taking, where the risk-return ratio is not quantifiable (e.g., skydiving, campaigning for political office, asking someone for a date, etc.)

• Insurance is a method of shifting risk from one party to another. Insurers use actuarial methods to calculate appropriate premiums, which could be considered similar to calculating gambling odds.
However, insurers can set their premiums to obtain a long term positive expected return.

• Situations where the possible return is a secondary reason for the wager/purchase (e.g., buying a raffle ticket to support a charitable cause)
Investments are also usually not considered gambling, although some investments can involve significant risk.
Examples of investments include stocks, bonds and real estate.
Starting a business can also be considered a form of investment. Investments are generally not considered gambling when they meet the following criteria:

• Positive expected returns (at least in the long term)

• Economic utility

• Underlying value independent of the risk being undertaken

Some speculative investment activities are particularly risky, but are still usually considered separately from gambling:

• Securities derivatives, such as options or futures, where the value of the derivative is dependent on the value of the underlying asset at a specific point in time (typically the derivative's associated expiration date)

• Foreign currency exchange (forex) transactions

• Prediction markets

Psychological aspects

Though many participate in gambling as a form of recreation or even as a means to gain an income, gambling, like any behavior which involves variation in brain chemistry, can become a psychologically addictive and harmful behavior in some people. Reinforcement schedules may also make gamblers persist in gambling even after repeated losses.

The Russian writer Dostoevsky (himself a problem gambler) portrays in his novella The Gambler the psychological implications of gambling and how gambling can affect gamblers.
He also associates gambling and the idea of "getting rich quick", suggesting that Russians may have a particular affinity for gambling.
Dostoevsky shows the effect of betting money for the chance of gaining more in 19th-century Europe.

The association between Russians and gambling has fed legends of the origins of Russian roulette.


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